Miniature by Farshchian

Persian miniature: Everything about Iranian miniature

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Persian miniature is a traditional style of painting that is detailed, colorful and small in size, often representing a mythological or religious theme. Due to its long history, Iran has a rich artistic heritage, and miniature is one of them. In your travel to Iran, there are many places you can see and buy this original work of art.

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The History of Persian Miniature

Iranians’ taste for art dates back to the cave age, about 8 to 10 thousand years ago where the displays of hunting scenes are still evident on “Lorestan”, “Sialk” and other ancient archaeological sites.
It is believed that Iranian prophet, Mani, who was also a famous artist, was a pioneer in miniature in the 3rd century as his book was designed with tiny figures. However, there are limited documents of Iranian miniature related to pre-Islamic era.
After Invasion of the Moghuls, miniature painting in Iran was influenced by East Asia which is quite obvious in the human figures and their faces. Although, Iranians developed their own techniques and themes. Miniature started to become an outstanding genre from 13th century and reached its zenith in 15th and 16th centuries. And soon, Persian miniature was prevalent among other Islamic miniatures particularly the Ottoman miniature in Turkey, and the Mughal miniature in the Indian sub-continent.
During Islamic period when Persian miniature was significantly flourished, various independent schools came into existence, each representing unique features. Among the most known ones were Tabriz school, Baghdad school, Shiraz school, and Mozaffarian School. Many ancient Iranian stories and poems of Ferdowsi, Saadi, Nezami and Hafez were illustrated in fine miniature by great artists of this period.
The evolution of Iranian miniature stopped by the end of Safavid period in Iran, since the Safavid kings were attracted to the western styles and this art entered a new era.

Iranian miniature by Behzad

Miniature art by Behzad

Iranian Miniature Features

“Miniature” is a French term meaning “tiny replica of nature”, however Iranian miniature has fundamental differences with what is called miniature in the eastern Asia and Europe. Actually, the only similarity between Persian miniature and those of China, Japan and Europe is being small in scale. There are also other unique features about Persian miniature; the first one is its rich delicate details in spite of being small in size, no slight detail has been missed by the artist which catches every viewer’s eyes, some paintings are so delicate that you need a magnifier to see its detailed beauties.
The second feature is that, no perspective technique has been used in Iranian miniature, elements are just overlaid on each other on a flat surface which looks somehow amateurish to those who have got used to Western styles of painting.
Added to these, miniature in Iran is not only about a separate work of art but also refers to some illustrations for Iranian manuscripts, as on the margin of the poetry books, for instance. This kind of art became popular since the beginning of the 14th century, handwritten books were adorned with the scenes from hunting, battle fields and feasts.

Iranian miniature

Famous Iranian miniature

Where to see fine Iranian Miniature?

Persian miniature started by devoting itself to adoring books and papers; however, it later found its way to design the walls of glorious building. During Ashkani and Sassanid empire in pre-Islamic era the walls of kings’ palaces were embellished with miniature art, but unfortunately nothing has been left of these constructions. During Islamic period when miniature art flourished, Safavid kings paid a special attention to miniature art, and that is why many historical buildings of this period has been beautified with colorful astonishing Iranian paintings you can visit while traveling to Iran.

Chehel sotoun - Isfahan

Chehel sotoun – Isfahan

Since Isfahan was the capital of Iran during Safavid, the city is the best place to see Iranian miniature. Chehel Sotoun, Ali Qapu, Hasht Behesht palace, Qeisarie Bazaar in Isfahan; Boroojerdi house in Kashan and Chehel Sotoun in Qazvin represent the finest examples of Iranian miniature in Iran. Isfahan is famous for its Islamic architectural masterpieces and it is included in all tours to Iran.

boroojerdi-house

Miniatures in Boroujerdi house – Kashan

If you are interested in art and especially Iranian miniature, we strongly suggest you visit National Museum of Iran in Tehran where there are various ancient artworks such as pottery, textiles and adobe calligraphy, from Iran’s post-Islamic era.

Can I buy Iranian miniature as a souvenir from Iran?

Iranian miniature has gone a long way to be painted on pictures made of thin layer of bones. There are still artists following miniature schools and create fine arts that deserve to be appreciated. The price is different depending on the artist’s skill, the quality of the work, the size and also theme of the miniature. Most tourists are excited by seeing Iranian artworks in the shops, they carefully gaze at the works of Iranian artists in their workshops to select and buy the best Iran souvenirs. You can buy Iranian miniature works not only as a wall picture but also on different objects such as decorative containers which makes it even more valuable.

Iranian miniature

Miniature painting

There are different traditional and modern bazaars in different cities that are famous for fine handicrafts and artworks. You can ask your tour guide about these bazaars, however they are usually quite close to the visiting places in your tour itinerary.

Inlaid work from Iran

Miniature on inlaid box

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Vank Cathedral

Vank Cathedral in Isfahan: Photos, Opening hours & More

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As a lovely and amazing city, Isfahan has embraced three UNESCO world heritage sites, plenty of cultural and architectural attractions, and friendly hospitable local people. However, walking into Jolfa district would fascinate every visitor in a different way; it feels as if you have traveled back in time and you are in a different period of history. Let’s not forget to mention that there are 13 churches in this district right now but Vank is undoubtedly shining as the most gorgeous one. Vank Cathedral is a things to do in Isfahan, a masterpiece representative of artistic expression of Christians in Iran and Armenian living place in 400 years ago.

The History of Vank Cathedral

About 400 years ago, the Armenians migrated from Azerbaijan to settle in the Jolfa district of Isfahan in search of a haven, due to the Armenian genocide that occurred in Yerevan during Ottoman war. Jolfa is still famous as a quiet area with European setting and architecture.

Vank Cathedral is a historic church dating back to Shah Abbas the second period (1642 – 1666) having the reputation of training high rank priests in the Christian world; that is why Vank is considered as one of the most noticeable churches among Armenians. Besides being an impressive Cathedral, Vank is the largest museum in Isfahan due to possessing an outstanding collection of historic documents during the last 400 years which makes it one of the most well-known Armenian centers in the world.

facts about Iran

 All religions are respected in Iran. Vank Cathedral; Jolfa, Isfahan

Architecture and Design

Displaying a mix of Islamic and Armenian architecture, this church covers an area of approximately 4000 square meters including the main church and its courtyard, monastery, belfry, library, museum, clock tower, Bishops’ room, community halls, and tea house; considering the Vank garden and green spaces around, it is about 9000 square meters.

The height of the walls from the yard to the roof of the second floor is about 11.75 meters. Unlike many other Armenian churches in Iran which are made of stone, the main construction material in Vank Cathedral is clay.

The exterior walls are covered with brick and tiles designed with winged angels can be seen everywhere while the interior walls are covered with plaster and eye-catching paintings which is the most splendid feature of this building. The magnificent artistic decorations in different parts of the church, such as inside the dome, walls and arches are mainly originated from the holy Christian book. These paintings mainly represent stories from the Holy Bible, Jesus Christ from the birth to the ascension, day of resurrection and the judgment, heaven, and hell. A combination of Persian floral ornaments and Armenian national motifs are also evident on the ceilings and walls. The display of frescos on tiles with glorious gold and blue frames has created a pleasant and lovely setting inside the church. The cost of all paintings and decoration of the church was provided by “Avdic Stepanos” which are unique among Armenian churches.

vank_cathedral-Iran

Gorgeous Vank Cathedral

Museum

Vank museum is a not to be missed place in Isfahan. One of the most significant and most  comprehensive collections of biblical manuscripts are kept and displayed here. The museum keeps 700 handwritten books, a variety of objects related to the Armenian community in Isfahan such as Safavid costumes, European paintings brought back by Armenian merchants, tapestries, embroidery, and other ethnological exhibits related to Armenian culture and religion.

Visiting various collections in this museum would be one of the most interesting parts of your tour. The precious paintings related to Safavid period, painted by Armenian and European artists are unexampled. There are stunning collections of porcelain and clay dishes, collections of wooden works consisting of instruments, furniture, clock, etc. and eye-catching metal objects including gold and silver jewelries, belts, frays, etc.

The exhibition of Armenian textiles, traditional handwoven and embroidery are quite appealing to any visitor’s taste.

Vank Cathedral enjoys possessing 170 sheets of crucial historical commands, 22 of which are depicted in this museum today. Belonging to 17th to 19th century, these political orders are mostly related to the emigration of Armenians, offering religious and commercial privileges to them and tax rules for residents of Jolfa district.

And last but not least, the most highlighted object at Vank museum is a piece of hair, belonged to an 18-year-old girl on which a sentence from the old testament has been written with a diamond pen in 1974. You can read the sentence through a microscope kept by the side.

Opening hours

9:00 am till 6:30 pm

Location

Vank Church alley, Jolfa District, Isfahan, Iran

Contact

Phone Number: (+98) 3136243471

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Top 10 Historical Garden Museums in Tehran

Top 10 Garden Museums in Tehran (Photos, Timing)

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Tehran is known as “the city of museums” among people. This bustling metropolis embraces picturesque historical garden museums as well. These amazing attractions combine history narrations with artistic creations to exhibit glorious history as well as man-made artifacts. Though the heavy traffic and crowded streets are sometimes annoying, garden museums in Tehran can provide you a peaceful relaxing atmosphere to escape the city chaos. Let’s explore the top 10 historical garden museums in Tehran you shouldn’t miss for an enjoyable visit and a memorable experience.

Golestan Palace

Golestan Palace Complex is the only UNESCO Heritage Site in the heart of Tehran. It sits in a region initially called Tehran Arg which was the city’s gateway in the Qajar period. The palace was established during the Safavid era. Zand dynasty renovated it. Then, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, Agha Mohammad Khan, selected the palace as the official residence of the Qajar dynasty (1794-1925). Moreover, it became the center of artistic creations. The palace complex is composed of seventeen palaces and halls of different ages surrounding a picturesque garden. Each building is a treasure of architecture, art, and decorative craftsmanship. Golestan Palace has witnessed some significant moments in Iran’s history such as the coronation of the Qajar and Pahlavi kings. Shams-ol Emareh, or the Sun Building, the first recreational tower of Tehran, is one of the valuable features of this palace complex. It enjoys a good view of the Tehran landscape from its rooftop. Takht-e Marmar Terrace (Marble Throne), Talar-e Ayeneh (Mirror Hall), Khalvat-e Karim Khani (Karim Khan Nook), and Emarat-e Badgir (the Wind Catcher) are among the prominent halls that should not be missed.

Opening hours:

Spring and summer: Every day from 9:30 a.m. to 18:30 p.m. except for public mourning holidays

Fall and winter: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 16:30 p.m. except for public mourning holidays

Location: Click Here

Golestan Palace, Iran

Golestan Palace, the only UNESCO Heritage Site in Tehran

Saadabad Palace

Saadabad Palace is a cultural and historical complex located in Shemiran, at the northernmost part of Tehran. Its lavish garden, covering an area of 110 hectares, embraces 18 palaces and galleries dating back to Qajar (19th century) and Pahlavi periods.  The area was used as a summer palace for the Qajar royal family at first and later, as the summer residence of Pahlavi dynasty. It turned into the museum after the revolution in 1972. The Green Palace- the first palace built during Pahlavi period, the White Palace or Mellat Museum that is the largest mansion, the Black Palace (or Fine Arts Museum), the Military Museum, and the Dafine Museum (or Museum of Treasure) are just some of the remarkable palaces and museums for tours to Tehran. There is much more to see in the complex! After your visit, you can make your way to Tajrish Bazaar for shopping or to Darband for relaxing, drinking tea or eating traditional food in the cafes or restaurants settled along the river.

Opening hours: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 18:45 p.m. except public mourning holidays (Last entry: 17:00)

Location: Click Here

Niavaran Palace

Niavaran Palace is a historical complex located in a landscaped garden in the north of Tehran. The complex traces its origin to the Qajar dynasty. It was used as the summer residence by the Qajar monarchs. The pavilions were added to the complex during the reign of different Qajar kings. Today, Niavaran Palace consists of five museums including Niavaran Palace (the primary residence of the last royal family), the private library containing about 23000 books, Ahmad Shahi Pavilion (built during the late Qajar era), Sahebqaraniyeh Palace, and Jahan Nama Museum. Some copies of inscriptions from ancient times of Persia are exhibited in the garden as well.

Opening hours:

Spring and summer: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 18:00 p.m. except public mourning holidays

Fall and winter: Every day from 8:00 a.m. to 16:00 p.m. except public mourning holidays

Location: Click Here

Top 10 Historical Garden Museums in Tehran

Ahmad Shahi Pavilion in Niavaran Palace in Tehran

Moghadam Museum

Moghadam Museum is one of the most precious museums in Tehran. The house dates back to the Qajar period. Mohsen Moghadam- one of the Iranian pioneers of archeology who inherited the house from his father- and his French wife dedicated life to collecting valuable historical objects from around the world. They bequeathed the family house with all its treasure to Tehran University.

Opening hours: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 17 p.m. except Saturdays and public mourning holidays

Location: Click Here

Moghadam-museum-Tehran

Moghadam museum, a priceless house in Tehran

Ferdows Garden

Baq-e Ferdows (literally the paradise) is a historical complex, covering 20 thousand square meters, in Tajrish in the north part of Tehran. It was called Ferdows since the beauty of its garden, pools, and fountains, as well as the splendid decorations of the mansion,  replicated the beauty of heaven on earth.  The complex was founded during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar (1808-1848). It was also used to be called Mohammadieh at that time. After the king’s death, the complex underwent alterations over the years. The two-floor mansion (the oldest part was completely destroyed) in the middle of the complex is applied as the Cinema Museum of Iran from 2002. It is decorated with patterned pillars and moldings. The museum exhibits photos, posters, and equipment of Iran’s movie industry. In fact, it presents and safeguards Iran’s cinema heritage. It is usually the host of different cultural events such as theater shows. The garden embraces two movie theaters, two cafeterias, and gift shops. Ferdows garden is close to the museums of Time and Music, as well as Imamzadeh Saleh.

Opening hours:

Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 19:00 p.m. except Fridays and public mourning holidays (Last entry: 18:15)

Location: Click Here

Top 10 Historical Garden Museums in Tehran

Ferdows Garden encompassing Cinema Museum in Tehran

Negarestan Garden

This beautiful garden is located in the central part of Tehran. It was built in 1802 by the order of Fath Ali Shah- the second Qajar king- as a summer residence. The halls are ornamented with mirrors. Since the mansion was decorated by the most prominent painters’ works, it was named Negarestan, literally meaning a place encompassing many pictures. The museum in the garden exhibits the paintings of Kamal-ol Molk (1847-1940) – the leading Iranian artist- and a number of his students. Negarestan garden was turned into the school of fine arts by Kamal-ol Molk in 1911. In 1934, some parts of this historical garden were used by Tehran University to hold educational courses. Today, the garden has been changed into the museum of Tehran University’s history and glory. An open-air café in the garden offers the visitors refreshing drinks and a traditional menu in a pleasant environment. It takes only five minutes to walk from the Baharestan metro station to this beautiful garden. It is also very close to several museums and tourist sites such as the National Jewelry Museum, National Museum of Iran, cafes, and restaurants.

Opening hours:

Museums: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 18:00 p.m. except Mondays and public mourning holidays

Garden: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 22:00 p.m. except for public mourning holidays

Restaurant: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 22:00 p.m. except for public mourning holidays

Location: Click Here

Negarestan-Garden

Negarestan Garden Museum, Tehran

Masoudieh Palace

The five-hectare Masoudieh Palace (Emarat-e Masoudieh) is one of the most beautiful historic houses in the center of Tehran dating back to the Qajar period. Its beautiful Iranian-European architecture made this place a popular attraction for the residents as well as the tourists and travelers who wish to experience the Tehran city tour. The Divankhaneh palace is decorated with stucco, colored glasses, ceramics, gridded doors and windows, symmetrical floral patterns and geometrical motifs, calligraphy, and murals. The palace was built in 1878 by order of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar for his son Masoud Mirza- the governor of Isfahan. Over time, it was used for different cultural, historical, and political purposes: the main gathering center for the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911), the first official library (1926), the national museum of Iran, and Ministry of Education (1967). There are two mansions, a restaurant, and an entrance hall in the complex. The restaurant, with a traditional design, serves traditional food and drinks in a cozy environment. Some cultural classes and galleries are held in this historical mansion on different occasions throughout the year.

Opening hours: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 16:00 p.m. except on public holidays

Location: Click Here

Masoudieh Palace- Iranian garden museums

The five-hectare Masoudieh Palace (Emarat-e Masoudieh) is one of the most beautiful historic houses in the center of Tehran

Time Museum

Time Museum was inaugurated in 1999. The two-story mansion, dating back to the Qajar era, is a mixture of architecture, amazing plaster works, and tile works. Outdoors, the visitors can see some models of old sundials, clepsydras, hourglasses, and the like some going back to 5000 years ago. The first floor exhibits the evolution of clocks from the seventeenth century to the present. Different kinds of clocks- pendulum, wall, floor, mantel and tabletop, bracket, cuckoo, chime shut off, musical, atomic, etc. – ornamented with sculpture, enamel, and mosaic have been presented by other countries to Iran. The first Iranian-made clock is kept here too. The second floor displays the prominent political, historical, and scientific characters’ watches, as well as other kinds of clocks such as marine, and military clocks. The evolution of time measurement tools, mechanical clocks and watches, and some fossils from different geological periods are exhibited on this floor as well. The walls of the museum show the documents on the Iranian calendar. There is a café in the garden where you can relax and refresh. Its breakfast is popular among visitors. It is close to a number of attractions such as Saadabad palace, Niavaran palace, Tajrish traditional bazaar, and Cinema museum in Ferdows garden.

Opening hours: Every day from 9:00 to 18:30 from Saturdays to Wednesdays and from 10:00 to 18:30 on Thursdays and Fridays except national holidays

Location: Click Here

Time museum Iran

The two-story mansion known as Time Museum in Tehran, Iran

Iranian Art Museum Garden

Though the Museum Garden of Iranian Arts (or Bagh-e Honar-e Irani) is not a historical site, it contains replicas of twelve Iranian historical buildings and monuments in miniature size. The small models of prominent tourist sites, made by Italian artists in the Pahlavi period, such as Tehran’s Azadi Tower, Zanjan’s Soltaniyeh Dome, Kashan’s Fin Garden, Shiraz’s Naqsh-e Rustam, Urmia’s St. Thaddeus Monastery, and Isfahan’s Chehel Sotoun are scattered in the beautiful garden surrounded by handicraft shops, a bookstore, a restaurant, and a cafe. Here’s a nice spot for walking, shopping, eating, relaxing, and mingling with locals. Moreover, art exhibitions and workshops are sometimes held here. The garden and its mansion were built in 1932 but opened as a museum in 2008. It covers the nearly one-hectare area in Elahieh near Tajrish square in the north part of Tehran.

Opening hours: Every day from 9:00 a.m. to 21:30 p.m. except for public mourning holidays

Location: Click Here

Tehran’s Persian Garden

Persian or Iranian Garden (or Baq-e Irani) is located in an old neighborhood known as Vanak Village (Deh Vanak) in northwest Tehran. Though it is not that much big, you can spend some peaceful moments there in the chaotic city of Tehran. It is also very convenient. This beautiful garden follows the amazing pattern of Persian Gardens’ architecture and design in ancient Persia. The brooks are flowing around and the tiny fountains are scattered along the way in the garden. Due to the beautiful tulips, the garden is scenic, especially in the springs. The building in garden was built in the traditional Persian style. It is decorated with colorful latticed windows.

Location: Click Here

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Iran Bazaars Tehran

Best Iran Bazaars: from Tehran bazaar to Tabriz bazaar

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Iran bazaars are among the astonishing tourist attractions that will amaze tourists and travelers with their various colors, flavors, and fragrances. There are many attractive subjects for photography and more important than photos, it is a place to keep in touch with people from different social and economic classes all wandering in bazaars to exchange goods and greetings, to do business, to pray, and simply to have some tea.

The traditional Iranian bazaar is a roofed complex of shops, passageways, caravanserais, bathhouses, and squares. It is not limited to business and commercial acts, it is a place for relationships. It is a place that provides the opportunity for individuals to discuss and exchange opinions. In fact, bazaars are for commercial, social, cultural, religious, and political activities. For Iranians, the bazaar looks like Piazaa for the Europeans and Hiroba for the Japanese. Not only does Iran embrace traditional bazaars as roofed complexes of shops and passageways, but also it embraces great malls and modern bazaars as the more entertaining parts of the major Iranian cities. The bazaar is the heart of Iranian cities leading to urban growth and it has provided a strong social and physical network constructed through the ages.

Best Iran Bazaars to witness Persian art, architecture, history, and culture

The astonishing Iran Bazaars

The word ‘bazaar’ has a very long history and its use in Iranian towns and cities may date back to 300 B.C. (Kermani & Luiten, 2009). The origin of the term bazaar refers to the ancient Persian word Wazar. It is defined as a place for trade with two rows of shops connected to each other by a vaulted roof. Bazaar is also one of the most prominent socio-spatial systems of Iranian cities. The bazaar is one of the main factors of spatial organization in Iran and it is impossible to define the main body of the city, especially in traditional cities without it.

The structure of traditional cities in Iran is based on its bazaars’ economic and political factors. In Iran, the traditional bazaars usually have a linear form, and other spaces and buildings such as mosques, and bathrooms are organized along this linear form.  Many cities grew around bazaars and the bazaars were always surrounded by mosques, bathhouses, tea houses and etc. The role of bazaars in the structure of Islamic cities is so important that some believe that bazaars are the main core of Islamic cities; however, some others believe that the main core refers to the Jameh mosque at the city center.

As it was mentioned, Iran bazaars are not just a place for commerce. The traders and merchants had the economic power to support social, political, and religious movements, therefore, they were among the most influential groups of people in the traditional urban society. That is why bazaars were also places to make and support social, political, and religious movements, and Bazaariha-a merchant and trader- has been a vital part of the movements and protests in Iran.

Best Iran Bazaars to witness Persian art, architecture, history, and culture

Find rugs, carpets, jewelry, spice, and copper in Iran’s Bazaars

Fantastic architecture, great construction, long history, and amazing people are all combined together to create a mesmerizing atmosphere in the bazaars of Iran. Each city has its own bazaar; however, some of the bazaars are well known either for their perfect architecture or their strategic location.

To have such a perfect experience and to purchase priceless handicrafts as souvenirs, travel to Iran, and visit the best bazaars in Iran.

Tehran Grand Bazaar

Tehran Grand Bazaar has roots in the Safavid, Zandiyeh, and Qajar periods; however, the major parts of the Tehran Bazaar were constructed in the Qajar period. The intertwined labyrinthine of Tehran Bazaar one of the most beautiful parts of Tehran is an amazing tourist attraction where one will find everything such as colorful carpets, priceless jewelry, aromatic herbs, delicious food, and delicious nuts and shells. That is the place one would find people from all walks of life.

Iran Bazaars

Tehran Grand Bazaar is one of the fundamental business hubs of Iran

Tehran Grand Bazaar is one of the fundamental business hubs of Iran and it has an amazing economic structure. It is divided into many parts each of which is dedicated to a special business. There are many serays (alleys,), caravanserais, hojrehs (shops), and so forth. It has also had a historic role in political, cultural, and social changes. The Iranian constitutional revolution is one of the most important historical events in which bazaaris had an important role. Tehran Grand Bazaar has elaborate architecture and structure as well. The shops at rows are connected to each other by the arched roof and there are different alleys for each of the businesses. It also encompasses other traditional buildings such as coffee houses, zorkhaneh, bathhouses, mosques, and so forth. One could visit the old and historical restaurants and coffee houses in the bazaar and enjoy having some delicious Persian food there. Tehran Grand Bazaar is close to Golestan Palace as well. Then, you will have the chance to visit one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites and listen to the history of Tehran.

Tajrish Bazaar

Tajrish Bazaar located north of Tehran is also one of the colorful bazaars of Iran. It is less chaotic than Tehran Bazaar and it is close to some other tourist attractions such as Imamzadeh Saleh as one of the holy shrines in Tehran, Darband, and Darakeh the northern mountains of Tehran, Niavaran Palace, and Saadabad Palace as the fantastic remains of Pahlavid era in Tehran. It is a tourist-friendly spot for shopping, relaxing, drinking tea, and enjoying the view of the mountains. Tajrish Bazaar has a central square that sells fresh fruits and vegetables, Persian sweets, and many aromatic herbs. It has many passageways reaching different shops where one can buy sweets and savories, dairy, nuts, dried fruits, clothes, and so forth. If one has the chance to be in Iran before Nowruz, Tajrish Bazaar would be a perfect place to enjoy the hustle and bustle of the New Year.

Tajrish Bazaar, Tehran

The vivid atmosphere of Tajrish Bazaar, Tehran

Tabriz Bazaar

Tabriz Bazaar is the oldest bazaar in Iran and one of the oldest ones in the Middle East.  As a historic bazaar constructed and decorated with many arcades, red bricks, and stucco, it is registered as a priceless UNESCO World Heritage Site. It has been a place for commercial and cultural exchange since antiquity. Located on the Silk Road as one of the most fundamental east-west trade routes, the Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex embraces a series of covered brick structures and enclosed spaces each dedicated to a different function.

Tabriz and its historic bazaar were famous when the city was the capital of the Safavid dynasty, later it lost its fame, but it remained as a commercial hub for centuries. It is one of the best traditional bazaars well known both as a place for commerce and a place for social gatherings, religious practices, and political movements. It is true to say Tabriz Historic Bazaar is one of the most important commercial, social, cultural, and architectural complexes among bazaars, and over centuries, it is a place for people from different cultures to gather together in a unique environment.  As a fantastic example of a multi-functional complex, architectural structures are shaped by commercial activities.

Tabriz Bazaar, Iran

The Great Carpet Bazaar in Tabriz, Iran

In 2010, UNESCO declared Tabriz Bazaar a World Heritage Site playing the role of a commercial hub located along the ancient Silk Road. Centuries before, great travelers such as Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta praised Tabriz Bazaar in their travelogues describing it as one of the most beautiful bazaars in the world. Tabriz Bazaar is located in the center of the city and it consists of several subbazaars each dedicated to selling some specific goods such as Persian rugs, carpets, jewelry, spice, and copper. However, Amir Bazaar for gold and jewelry, and Mozzafarieh for carpet are among the well-known sub-Bazaars. Tabriz Bazaars has an important role in political changes too. The Iranian Constitution Revolution in the last century and the Islamic Revolution are the most important ones.

Vakil Bazaar

Vakil Bazaar (Bazaar-e-Vakil) located in Shiraz, the city of love and poetry, is one of the most beautiful bazaars in Iran. It was constructed about 200 years ago by the order of Karim Khan the king of the Zand period.

Vakil Bazaar is located in the center of the traditional part of Shiraz and it enjoys vaulted brick avenues known as the masterpiece of Zand Architecture. It was designed so elaborately that the interior part remains cool during hot summer days and warm during long-lasting winters. The vaulted brick ceiling keeps it cool or warm in different seasons by regulating the temperature.

Vakil Bazaar, Shiraz

The great architecture of Vakil Bazaar, Shiraz

Vakil Bazaar is an amazing place to wander around for hours and enjoy purchasing lots of souvenirs varying from colorful carpets and clothes to gorgeous handicrafts and diverse spices. Vakil Bazaar is one of the main attractions of Shiraz and it is a great part of the Zandieyeh Complex that also includes the Vakil Bathhouse, Vakil Mosque, and Arg of Karim Khan. To experience some sweet moments there, one should drink a cold glass of Khakishir a popular detoxing seed-based drink, or have a full bowl of Faloodeh a delicious combination of rice noodles, iced rose water, and sugar. Nasir al-Mulk Mosque, Zinat-ol-Moluk House, and Shahe-Cheragh are also attractions close to Vakil Bazaar.

 The Grand Bazaar of Isfahan

The Grand Bazaar, also known as the Qeysarrieh Bazaar, is one of the historical bazaars of Iran located in Isfahan. Being adjacent to Naghshe Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage site and also as a reminder of the glory of the Safavid era, it is a must-see attraction in Isfahan.  The Grand Bazaar is one of the oldest and longest roofed bazaars in Iran as well as the Middle East linking the old region of the city to its new one. The architecture of the Grand Bazaar of Isfahan enchants visitors with its elaborate details, vaulted roofs, and beautiful alleys. One needs to stroll around to enjoy it all and to find priceless handicrafts such as carpets, kilims, Minakari, and Qalamzani.  The bazaar has many alleys and lanes. Each of the lanes is an entrance to many shops selling particular goods such as carpets, kilims, gold, silver, spices, herbs, handicrafts, etc. That is a great experience to walk along vaulted pathways, enjoy the scents and colors, watch and chat with people, and buy some souvenirs in the Grand Bazaar of Isfahan.

Qeysarrieh Bazaar, Isfahan

The Grand Bazaar, also known as the Qeysarrieh Bazaar in Isfahan

 

Grand Bazaar of Kerman

The Grand Bazaar of Kerman, one of the oldest and most extensive bazaars in Iran, dates back to the Safavid era, with sections added during the Zand and Qajar periods. This bustling marketplace is not only a hub of commerce but also a living museum that showcases the rich cultural and architectural heritage of Kerman. The bazaar is a labyrinth of interconnected alleys, each dedicated to a specific trade, such as spices, carpets, and copperware. Among its highlights is the Ganjali Khan Complex, an architectural masterpiece that includes a mosque, bathhouse, caravanserai, and a stunning courtyard. This complex, built in the early 17th century, reflects the exquisite artistry of Safavid architecture and remains a must-see for visitors.

The Grand Bazaar of Kerman is located at the heart of the city, making it easily accessible for locals and tourists. The bazaar is open from 9:00 AM to 9:00 PM every day except for Fridays, which typically closes around noon for religious observances. The main entrance to the bazaar can be found at Shohada Square, Kerman, Iran. Visitors are advised to explore the bazaar in the morning or late afternoon to avoid the midday heat, especially during the summer months.

Bazaars of Yazd

The five-thousand-year-old city of Yazd is one of the greatest adobe cities in the world. Yazd has been inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List as a priceless adobe city embracing many pre-Islamic and Islamic attractions.  The bazaars of Yazd are among the most astonishing attractions one should never miss. The old bazaars of Yazd with their outstanding Islamic architecture, gorgeous wind catchers, and minarets are among the astonishing attractions one should not miss. The bazaars of Yazd as both historical attractions and business hubs and they include mosques, caravanserais, schools, and water reservoirs.

The bazaars of Yazd

The bazaars of Yazd as both historical attractions and business hubs

Bazaars are the right place to enjoy and buy traditional handicrafts and souvenirs such as handmade jewelry, painted tiles, termeh, silk and wool handwoven fabric, pottery, carpets, and rugs. Darvazeh Mehriz Bazaar, Tabrizian Bazaar, Zargari Bazaar, Mesgari Bazaar, Panjeh Ali Bazaar, Haji Qanbar Bazaar, Qeisariyeh, and Bazaar-e-Khan are among the most significant bazaars of Yazd. Haji Qanbar Bazaar included in the Amir Chakhmaq complex is the oldest Bazaar of Yazd, and Qeisariyeh located between Khan Square and Khan School is the most beautiful bazaar of Yazd. Qeisariyeh is among the most famous bazaars in Iran and it is protected by two exquisite wooden gates.

Last Words

Iranian bazaars are more than just markets; they are vibrant hubs of culture, history, and community life, making them a top highlight of any trip to Iran. Whether you’re exploring the winding alleys of the Grand Bazaar in Tehran, admiring the stunning architecture of Isfahan’s Naqsh-e Jahan Square, or experiencing the lively atmosphere of Shiraz’s Vakil Bazaar, these bazaars offer an authentic glimpse into the daily lives of Iranians. They are places where tradition meets modernity, where you can find everything from exquisite handicrafts to aromatic spices. Visiting these bazaars is not just about shopping; it’s about completely engaging in the vibrant cultural fabric of Iran, which makes it a must-have experience for any traveler.

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Iran travel guide

Iran travel guide: Culture, Nature, Attractions, Safety & more

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Iran is one of the most ancient countries located in the west south of Asia. Regarding its geographical position, Iran connects the East to the West. The long history and the vast area have led to amazingly variant climatic conditions, cultural attractions, and natural landscapes. That is why Iran is famous for being a destination for all four seasons. Enclosed with the Caspian Sea on the north and the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea on the south while the desert in between, Iran is a proper destination for all nature and adventure lovers who dream of different thrilling experiences of climbing, canyoning, skiing, marine activities, and safari. Embracing 22 UNESCO Heritage Sites and one UNESCO Natural Site as well as 13 Intangible Cultural Heritage registered on UNESCO and many more registered on Iran National Heritage List, Iran looks like a live museum for all enthusiast culture lovers too. It is also one of the best gastronomic destinations for all avid foodies. Travel to Iran at any time and enjoy the attractions and activities of your own favorite season. Stick with us read a complete Iran travel guide.

traveling to Iran

Iran is well known for being a destination for all four seasons.

Iran’s Culture

Iran, as the cradle of one of the most ancient civilizations of the world, is proud of its thousands of year old historical, cultural, and architectural attractions, elegant gardens, pleasant food, and warm hospitable people. With 22 cultural heritage and one natural site inscribed on UNESCO World Heritage List, Iran offers a unique diversity of attractions in the world: from Lut Desert to the Persian gardens; the amazing city of Isfahan to the hand-dug rocky houses in Meymand, Kerman; the towering Mount Damavand covered in snow to Kish Island.
Iran, the country of wind catchers, Ab Anbar (water reservoir), Persian gardens, palaces, museums, caravanserais, bathhouses, bridges, mausoleums, castles, mosques, churches, monuments, bazaars, literature, science, history, poets, artists, kings, and scientists is a live museum of the culture, history, art, and architecture. Susa, Shushtar Hydraulic System, and chogha zanbil in Khuzestan as the birthplace of the Elamites, and Burnt City dating back to 3200 BC in Sistan and Baluchestan are among Iran cultural and heritage sites.
Long history, outstanding architecture, elegant gardens, delicious food, hospitable people, astonishing landscapes, and remarkable wildlife all represent Iran as a great destination to explore. The vast area of the country has led to an amazing great variety of cultures, traditions, customs, languages, and lifestyles. Moreover, it is situated in such a geographical location that you can see different kinds of climate in different parts of the country at the same time. Sitting on a critical spot and connecting west and east as a bridge, Iran has always been the center of attention for culture lovers. The unique cultural (as well as natural) features of Iran- as one of the oldest civilized places on the earth- attract many tourists from all around the world.

traveling to Iran - ethnic groups

Iran travel guide: Different iran ethnic groups.

Nature

Iran embraces mountains, deserts, forests, caves, canyons, rivers, Geopark, and national parks. Since Iran covers a vast area, it takes advantage of various landscapes and different climatic conditions resulting in remarkable biodiversity. Therefore, it has the most inspiring places for adventure travelers from around the world. Rafting, hiking, biking, trekking, spelunking, caving, mountain biking, and canyoneering are all the adventurous activities you can enjoy in Iran.

Damavand-Iran travel guide

Iran travel guide: An amazing view of Damavand Mt., the highest volcanic mountain in the Middle East.

Festivals

Different kinds of climate and the vast area of the country during long history have caused great diversity in language, custom, lifestyle, and handicrafts in different parts of the country. All this culminates in different festivals, rituals, events, and traditions in Iran. Nowruz known as the Persian New Year is one of the greatest Iranian festivals celebrated worldwide by Iranians and some other ethnolinguistic groups as the beginning of the New Year. Shab-e-Yalda (Yalda Night) is one of the most ancient Persian festivals annually celebrated on December 21 as the longest night of the year. Tasua and Ashura are respectively the 9th and 10th days of Muharram and Shia Muslims commemorate the battle of Karbala. Chaharshanbe Suri (the Persian Festival of Fire) is another Iranian festival celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz, and Mehregan is the celebration of light, friendship, kindness, and love. It is also Thanksgiving Day for the Iranian farmers and it is celebrated in autumn.

Haftsin

Nowruz known as the Persian New Year is one of the greatest Iranian festivals celebrated worldwide by Iranians.

Attractions

  • Golestan palace dating back to Qajar dynasty located in Tehran
  • Naghshe Jahan Square in Isfahan, built at the beginning of the 17th century
  • Masjed-e-Jame of Isfahan
  • Pasargadae and Persepolis dating back to the Achaemenid era located in Fars province
  • The historic city of Yazd well-known as the mud-brick city of windcatchers
  • Shushtar historical hydraulic system in Khuzestan province dating back to the 5th century B.C.
  • chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan province dating back to the Elamite era
Iran travel guide

Iran travel guide: St. Thaddeus Monastery, the UNESCO World Heritage Site in West Azarbaijan Province, Iran

  • The Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran located in the north-west of Iran consisting of the monastic ensembles: St. Thaddeus (Qara Kelisa), St. Stepanos, and the chapel of Dzordzor
  • Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex, the longest roofed bazaar in the world in East Azerbaijan province going back to the 12th century
  • Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil dating back to the Safavid dynasty
  • Soltaniyeh Dome, the largest brick dome in the world located in Zanjan
  • Bisotun the biggest inscription in the world
  • Takht-e Soleyman in West Azerbaijan province
  • Persian Qanat a hydraulic water system including eleven qanats dating back to six thousand years ago

Persian garden

Susa The ancient city located in the south-west of Iran belonging to the different historical periods especially the Elamite, Persian, and Parthian periods
The Cultural Landscape of Meymand a cave village located in the south-eastern Iranian province of Kerman
Shahr-e Sukhteh or the burnt city in Sistan & Baluchistan province dating back to around 3200 BCE
Bam and its Cultural Landscape

Gonbad-e Qabus

Sassanid Archaeological Sights of Fars Region comprising eight archeological sites in three geographical parts Bishapur, Firouzabad, and Sarvestan in the southeast of Fars Province
Lut Desert or the Dasht-e Lut, a salt desert in Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan provinces on the east and south-east of Iran
Hyrcanian Forests or the Caspian Forests covering the northern provinces of Iran

Iran travel guide - Iran deserts

Dasht-e Lut, the UNESCO Natural Site in Iran

Safety in Iran

Is Iran a safe country to travel to?

Iran is a safe country for all people especially the families, only women, and solo female travels; Because Iran benefits from a rich culture comprising a combination of different religions, traditions, and beliefs that all emphasize morality, the high position of family as the pillar of a healthy society, and high respect for women. Iran is also one of the safest countries in comparison to other regional destinations. Iran with an extended diverse in culture and nature can offer a vast range of attractions and activities to both genders in different age groups.

The Best Time to Visit Iran

The vastness of the land has provided a diverse nature, from the humid forests on the north to the dry deserts in the central part, and the sub-tropical forests on the south. It has a variable climate too. One can see freezing winter with heavy snowfall in the northwest and mild spring-like weather in the south at the same time. It is possible to ski in the ski pistes in the Alborz and the Zagros Mountains, take a sunbath at the southern beaches and enjoy the desert safari tour all in one travel. It makes Iran a destination for all four seasons of the year. With more than 10,000 plants, 1,140 animals, and 500 bird species identified, Iran could be a great destination for nature and animal lovers. Hyrcanian forests of Iran dating back to the last stage of the ice age as a green biology library, Ali-Sadr Cave in Hamadan, Badab-e Soort travertine terraces in Mazandaran, Gandom Beryan known as the hottest place on Earth and Kaluts of Shahdad in Lut Desert, Nishapur mines of turquoise, Sarv-e-Abarqu as the second oldest species of tree in the world in Yazd, Shamkhal Canyon, Qeshm Island as the only Geopark in the Middle East, mangrove trees and Star Valley in Qeshm Island, mud volcanoes and the Iranian Short-Muzzle crocodile named Gando in Sistan and Baluchestan, the Asiatic Cheetah, the Iranian Ground Jay as the endemic to Iran, Fritillaria imperialis as the endemic flower of Iran known by the name inverted tulip among Iranians, and Narcissus flower listed as a national treasure of Iran are among its natural attractions. There are 26 national parks, 35 national natural sites, 42 wildlife sanctuaries, and 150 protected areas in Iran.

Weather and Climate

Traveling to Iran is always a good idea, at any season, to any location. We cannot agree on just one specific time to enjoy the glory and magnificence of Persepolis or to be fascinated by the dreamy blue tiles of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque or the eye-catching ancient bridges in Isfahan.
But generally, Iran’s high season is from March to May when the weather is at its best throughout the country, and from late August to October when the weather is a bit warmer. In total, spring in Iran is the high season, summer and winter are low seasons, and fall is the shoulder season. But keep in mind that Iran with its vast area, ancient culture, and amazing diverse climatic conditions has many to offer all year round. Moreover, the low season is the best time to visit Iran’s cultural and natural attractions and communicate with locals without worrying about the crowds of tourists and travelers.

Iran travel guide

Iran travel guide: Spring is the high season and the best time to travel to Iran.

Where to Go in Spring?

From the Caspian shores in the north to the coast of the Persian Gulf and the sea of Oman in the south, Iran is at its best in spring but the unmissable places during your travel in Iran are Alborz and Zagros Mountains. Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan- the provinces on the coast of the Caspian Sea- and the north-west side of Iran are magnificent destinations for all seasons but they are at their best during spring.
The endemic plants of Iran such as inverted tulip, Susan-e Chelcheragh (only in the two Guilan and Azerbaijan provinces), and Persian ironwood in the forests of Caspian Sea shores, extracting the world’s finest rose water in Kashan, Citrus aurantium blossoms blooming in Shiraz, ancient Rudkhan castle sitting on a hill in green forests of Guilan, Dehdez village on the shores of Kroon River, deep canyons, gorgeous waterfalls, and soaring mountains are the breathtaking sceneries that you will enjoy throughout your tour to Iran in the spring season.

Where to Go in Summer?

Summer is a great time for traveling to the cooler regions of Iran on the northwest and west parts such as Azerbaijan provinces (eastern and western), Kermanshah, and Zanjan, as well as Fars province on south for remarkable expeditions in canyons, caves, and mountains. It is also a great time for summiting the top three peaks of Iran: Damavand, Alam Kuh, and Sabalan. Also, you can enjoy water rafting in the rivers of Zagros and Alborz Mountains. Hiking, climbing, rafting, biking, rock climbing, and canyoneering are some fun activities you can do in the ever-green Alborz Mountains. In fact, Alborz is a canyon-filled paradise for beginners and expert explorers.
Chakrood canyon in Gilan province, Mor and Kamjel canyons in Mazandaran province on Caspian shores, Raghez canyon in Fars province; Ali Sadr, Parau, and Ghoori Ghal’e castles (all in Kermanshah province); Arasbaran protected area situated on the north of Iran at the border to Armenia; Takht-e Soleyman in West Azerbaijan province (the UNESCO World Heritage Site), Bisotun in Kermanshah, Soltaniyeh Dome in Zanjan (the UNESCO World Heritage Site and the largest brick dome in the world), Tabriz traditional Bazaar (the UNESCO World Heritage Site and the biggest ancient covered bazaar in the world,); and Kandovan village (with ice-cream cone-shaped houses carved in the rocks) are just some of the cultural and natural attractions to experience a memorable summer adventure.

Where to Go in Fall?

Fall is the season that nature wears its most fascinating colored gown: the gold, red, orange, purple, brown, and green against a thin layer of grey clouds in the sky!
Hyrcanian forests of Iran in Alborz Mountains; Cloud Forest in Semnan province; the ancient province of Khuzestan in southwestern Iran as the birthplace to Elamites (2400 to 539 B.C.) embracing Chogha Zanbil ziggurat and Shushtar historical hydraulic system (both UNESCO world heritage sites); Bakhtiari, Lor, and Qashqai tribes who live on the foot of the generous Zagros Mountains in Khuzestan province; Yazd, the city of adobe houses and wind towers in the desert as the birthplace of Zoroastrian religion; Kerman province home to Bam Citadel, Kaluts of Shahdad in Lut desert (the only natural UNESCO Site of Iran), Roghe canyon, the cultural landscape of Maymand, and Shazdeh garden, are some destinations you can enjoy visiting when you travel to Iran in the fall.
Fall is the season of pomegranate, Mehregan celebration, and Yalda Night.

Where to Go in Winter?

Iran is renowned for its history, architecture, elegant gardens, scrumptious food, and hospitable people. With twenty-three UNESCO world heritage sites, it is one of the countries with the most tourist attractions in the world. Though Iran is not famous as a ski destination, it has thirteen international ski pistes with a long skiing season and good quality powder snow. If you travel to Iran in winter, you can visit the warm regions of the south of Iran such as Persian Gulf islands: Kish and Qeshm (both are free zone areas with no need of visa), and Sistan and Baluchestan province besides the ski pistes in cold regions covered with snow.
Winter is the only time you can go skiing in Alborz Mountains; also enjoy the sunny beaches of the Persian Gulf on the same day. In winter, you can see one of the most beautiful flowers in the world, the Behbahan Narcissus in Khuzestan province. Qeshm island embraces the only Geopark in the Middle East. Chabahar in Sistan & Baluchestan province is the only habitat of the Iranian Short-Muzzle crocodile that locals call it Gando. Shahr-i Sokhta, meaning the burnt city, is one of Iran’s UNESCO world heritages in this province. You can also visit Hara forests on both Qeshm island and Chabahar (things to do in Chabahar). Miankaleh peninsula, the only Iranian island in the Caspian Sea, hosts thousands of birds from Siberia and thousands of bird watchers who come from all parts of Iran to just get a glance of these lovely guests every winter.

Gastronomy

Iran as a large country embracing different ethnicities with different cultures is so diverse in culinary that every city enjoys a large variety of very delicious and tasty foods. Iranians love spices and a combination of different spices such as turmeric, saffron, black pepper, dried lemon, cumin, and so forth to give a savory smell to the foods and make them really delicious. Though Iranians use spices a lot, their foods are usually tasty but not necessarily spicy. Persian foods are a mixture of the most nutritious ingredients including meat, rice, vegetables, beans, and spices. Iranians love spices and a combination of different spices such as turmeric, saffron, black pepper, dried lemon, cumin, and so forth to give a savory smell to the foods and make them really delicious. Iranians mix all those ingredients in such a balance that they turn into a delicious and nutritious meal as a result. Kebabs, stews, and different kinds of rice (Chelow and Polo) such as Joojeh Kabab (chicken kebab) as the Iranian favorite picnic food, Gheymeh Nesar as a very delicious Persian jeweled rice with succulent pieces of lamb, Khoresh-e-Ghormeh Sabzi (Persian herb stew), Khoresh-e-Fesenjan (Persian pomegranate and walnut stew), Mirza Ghasemi as a vegetarian meal, and Baghali Ghatogh as an easy, healthy, and tasty dish are some of the most popular Iranian foods.

Iran-gastronomy

Persian foods are a mixture of the most nutritious ingredients including meat, rice, vegetables, beans, and spices.

Iran Medical Tourism

Iran’s highly equipped hospitals and rehabilitation centers offer a wide range of state-of-the-art facilities and treatment with experienced expert medical teams at reasonable costs compared to the developed countries, southeastern Asian countries, and Iran’s regional competitors like the Persian Gulf States. Iran enjoys a unique combination of pleasant climate, splendid natural sceneries, relaxing villages, hot (mineral) springs and spas in different parts such as Sar’eyn in Ardabil, highly advanced medical centers and hospitals, up to date medical technology, suitable infrastructure, and well-equipped accommodations. There is also a hotel hospital in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Thousands of visitors from different countries travel to Iran annually for plastic surgery, heart surgery, eye surgery, stem cell treatment, organ transplants, artificial insemination, and other surgeries and medical treatments. Moreover, Iran offers high-quality medical care in rhinoplasty, cardiology, dentistry, rheumatology, nephrology, neurology, dermatology, gynecology, urology, orthopedics, otolaryngology, hematology, gastroenterology, and many other branches of medicine. It is also one of the top countries in biotech. Many private hospitals in cities like Tehran, Shiraz, and Mashhad provide accommodation facilities for the tourists too. Looking for a medical tour to Iran? click here.

Are you planning to travel to Iran? Check out our Iran tours.

Naqsh-e Rustam

Naqsh-e Rostam Necropolis: Photos, Video, Info

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Naqsh-e Rostam is an ancient necropolis situated northwest of Persepolis, the capital of the Achaemenid Empire. Naqsh-e Rustam (Naqsh-e Rostam) is an impressive reminder of the once glorious Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550–330 BC) and it stands as a magnificent manifestation of ancient Persian art. Naqsh-e Rostam is the house for the immense rock tombs cut high into the cliff. The rock tombs belong to four Achaemenian kings. The ancient tombs attracted Sasanian kings as well. They wished to imitate the glory of the Achaemenian kings; maybe that is why they created huge reliefs besides the tombs. The immense rock reliefs mainly depict the investiture scenes and the equestrian fights of the Sasanian kings. However, the history of Naqsh-e Rostam is not limited to the Achaemenid and Sassanid periods.

There is evidence that the site exists from the Elamite period.  An ancient rock relief dating back to the Elamite period indicates that Naqsh-e Rostam had been a sacred place during ancient times. That might be the reason Darius I ordered to carve his monumental tomb into the cliff at the foot of Mt. Hosain (Huseyn Kuh). His rock tomb is famous for its two inscriptions known as the king’s autobiography. The inscriptions indicate that Darius the Great had been the king who ruled according to justice. Travel to Iran and enjoy visiting so many great cultural attractions, especially the great ones registered on UNESCO World Heritage List or waiting to be registered. Pasargadae, Persepolis, Naqsh-e Rajab lies a few hundred meters from Naqsh-e Rustam, and Naqsh-e Rustam, the ancient necropolis of the powerful Persian kings are the best cultural attractions of Iran located in Shiraz, Fars province.

Achaemenid Tombs

Naqsh-e Rostam houses four rock tombs carved out of rock faces. Since the façades of the four Achaemenian tombs look like Persian crosses- chalipa- some call them Persian Crosses as well. The entrance to each tomb is located at the center of the cross and it leads to a small chamber where the king’s body lay in a sarcophagus. It is not clear whether the bodies were directly put into the sarcophaguses or the bodies were exposed to a tower of silence, and then the bones were put there. What is certain is that the tombs were closed after the burial, but the doors were smashed and the tombs were looted after the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th BC.

Naqsh-e Rustam

Naqsh-e Rustam, the Ancient Necropolis of Powerful Persian Kings

The four tombs cut high into the cliff belong to Achaemenid kings; however, only one of them is explicitly identified as it is accompanied by an inscription. The tomb belongs to Darius I who was the fourth Achaemenid emperor. There is a relief above his tomb and it depicts Darius I whose hands are raised for worship, he stands on a raised three- stepped platform in front of an altar, and the winged figure of Ahuramazda (the Zoroastrian god) is also at the center of the relief. The platform is supported by 28 throne bearers representing each of the kingdoms of the Achaemenid Empire. The other three rock tombs carry no inscriptions. Since the layout of the tombs is just copied from the tomb of Darius I, it is believed that they belong to his successors Xerxes I, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II. In 1923, the German archaeologist Ernst Herzfeld made casts of the inscriptions on the tomb of Darius I. Since 1946, the casts have been in the archives of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in Washington, DC.

Ancient Necropolis of Persia

Darius I standing on a platform in front of an altar and the winged figure of Ahuramazda

Ka’ba-ye Zartosht

In front of the rock tombs, there is a square tower known as the Ka’ba-ye Zartosht which means the Cube of Zoroaster (Ka’ba is the famous monument as a holy site for Muslims located in Mecca). The structure of the building is a copy of a sister building at Pasargadae known as the Prison of Solomon; however, this building is a few decades older than Ka’ba-ye Zartosht. On the wall of the tower, there is an inscription in three languages from Sasanian time and it is considered one of the most important inscriptions of that period. It is not obvious what the purpose of the building had been. It might have been a library for the holy books, a place to keep the holy fire, or maybe a treasury.

Naqsh-e Rustam

Ka’ba-ye Zartosht in front of the rock tombs at Naqsh-e Rustam

According to Persepolis fortification tablets, there must have been trees at Necropolis that apparently refer to Naqsh-e Rostam. The experts believe that there must have been three lines of trees in the area between the tower and the tombs; however, it has been a long time since the trees disappeared.

Sassanid Reliefs

Besides the tombs, there are seven oversized stone reliefs dating from the 3rd century AD.  The huge rock reliefs mainly belong to the Sassanid period and they depict scenes of imperial conquests and royal ceremonies. What is amazing about the reliefs is that they indicate details of events carved in the heart of rough rocks. Therefore, they can give the visitors a visual insight into the spirits of ancient times.

The most famous rock relief at Naqsh-e Rostam belongs to the Sasanian king Shapur I. The relief depicts his victory over two Roman emperors; Valerian and Philip the Arab. Shapur I is on the horseback, while Valerian is bowing to him and Philip the Arab is holding Shapur’s horse.

Ancient Necropolis of Powerful Persian Kings

Shapur I celebrates his victory over two Roman emperors; Valerian and Philip the Arab

The investiture relief of Ardashir I as the founder of the Sassanid Empire is also depicted. The relief indicates Ohrmazd giving Ardeshir the ring of kingship. The inscription also has the oldest use of the term “Iran”.

There are also equestrian reliefs such as the equestrian relief of Hormizd II at Naghsh-e Rustam. The relief depicts Hormozid and above the relief, one would see a badly damaged relief that apparently is depicting Shapur II with his courtiers.

The relief of Bahram II depicts the king with an oversized sword. On the left, five figures stand and they seem to be the members of the king’s family. On the right, three courtiers stand and one of them is apparently Kartir- a highly prominent Zoroastrian priest.

The Oldest Relief at Naqsh-e Rostam

The oldest relief at Naqsh-e Rostam dates back to approximately 1000 BC and it dates back to the Elamite period. Though the relief is severely damaged, it depicts a faint image of a man with unusual headgear. He is thought to be an Elamite one.

Why Is It Called Naqsh-e Rostam?

Sassanid reliefs mainly depict equestrian fights or investiture scenes. Since the equestrian fights of the Sasanian kings represent the tales of chivalry, locals believed that the man depicted on reliefs was Rustam, the hero of Shahnameh. The epic of Shahnameh is the masterpiece of Ferdowsi, the great Iranian poet of the 10th and 11th the century. Therefore, the site is called Naqsh-e Rustam (meaning the carvings of Rustam); because the locals believed that the carved man on the reliefs was their epic hero” Rustam”.

The Ancient Necropolis of Powerful Persian Kings

Locals believed that the carved man on the reliefs was their epic hero” Rustam”

To explore the awe-inspiring ancient site of Naqsh-e Rostam, the ancient necropolis of powerful Persian kings of the Achaemenid dynasty, travel to Iran- the country of ancient civilization and diverse cultures- and enjoy visiting its fantastic tourist sites and its friendly locals.

Are you planning to travel to Iran? Check out our Iran tours.