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Iranians have always had a special respect for bread for a long time and consider all kinds of bread to be an integral part of their table. Bread holds such significance for Iranians that mornings without it feel like their table is missing something essential. There are two main reasons why traditional Iranian cuisine is closely intertwined with bread: first, Persian bread is the main food of Iranian people, and second, Iran is a country with a lot of ethnic diversity, each of which has deep roots in its soil.

Currently, bread provides 70% of the daily calorie intake for Iranians. The variety of baked breads in Iran among its various ethnic groups is very large and is classified according to different baking methods. Stay with us until the end of this article to learn more about the types of Iranian bread, its preparation, and its ingredients.

Persian Bread History

Historical evidence indicates that grains, especially wheat and barley, were cultivated during the time of the Assyrians, and bread-making was probably popular in Iran from that period onwards. For thousands of years, the main food of Iranians has been wheat bread.

The first signs of bread baking in Iran can be traced to the remains of wheat silos and twin domed ovens in Silk Hill dating from approximately 3000 to 3200 years before the common era. The available evidence also indicates the cultivation of wheat in Jiroft, Kerman, an ancient city with a long history of agriculture.

The cultivation of wheat and its incorporation into various forms of bread shaped the Iranian culinary landscape over different centuries. Iranians invented diverse and unique methods of breadmaking using different types of ovens—sometimes standing, other times placed underground, and occasionally baked in saj or suitable containers. These methods evolved alongside the cultivation of wheat and became integral to Iranian cooking traditions.

Traditional Iranian breads have a rich history and are made with flours from different grains, from wheat to barley and rice. Each type of flour, with its distinct grade and quality, is skillfully kneaded and mixed with leavening ingredients, often shaped using a wooden paddle, and then baked on a cushion-like surface. The evolution of breadmaking in Iran reflects not only represents a historical journey but also the course of the cultural and culinary evolution of the Iranian people.

Bread in Iranian Culture

Bread is not just a food item for Iranians; it is considered a divine blessing that has great value. If bread falls to the ground, it is customary to pick it up, dust it off, and show it respect, as it is viewed as a sacred gift from God. Bread has always been an integral part of Iranian cuisine, maintaining a special place on Iranian dining tables even in the face of increased culinary diversity. Offering bread to others is seen as a gesture of hospitality that is rooted in Iranian tradition.

In Iranian culture, certain terms are associated with bread, which indicates social roles and economic dynamics. “Nan Avar” refers to someone who provides for the economic needs of a family and basically provides their daily bread. On the other hand, “Nan Khor” usually refers to those individuals within the household who benefit from the provisions and economic support provided by the “Nan Avar.” However, “Nan Bor” is a negative term and refers to people whose actions hinder the ability of the “Nan Avar” to work, essentially cutting off the bread and sustenance of a family.

Various expressions related to bread are prevalent in Iranian culture, such as “nan o namak” (bread and salt), “nothing grabs the soul like bread,” or “may no table be without bread.” Proverbs like “bread is the strength of a person’s body” and sayings such as “If there’s no water for me, at least you have bread” further emphasize the significance of bread in Iranian life. Expressions like “eating bread and breaking the salt shaker” or “blind bread” also play a role in conveying cultural nuances associated with this staple food.

Persian Bread Types

Classification of various types of Iranian bread is based on several factors:

1. Type of Grain: Different grains such as wheat, barley, corn, rice, lentils, and more are used in preparing various types of bread.
2. Bread Volume: Bread is categorized into two main types based on volume—there are hearty breads like “komaaj” and thin ones like “lavash.”
3. Composition of Persian bread ingredients: Bread is divided into simple and compound categories based on composition. Simple bread is made solely with flour, while compound bread includes additional nutritious ingredients such as potatoes, vegetables, or meat.
4. Baking Method: Bread is further classified based on the baking method, including oven-baked (“tanoori”), flatbread (“komaaji”), stone-baked (“saaji”), and pot-baked (“digi”).

Persian Bread Sangak

Sangak bread, a distinct variety in Persian cuisine, is a thin and flatbread with a thickness ranging from 3 to 5 millimeters and a length of approximately 70 centimeters. Its dough is carefully prepared from specially milled flour, and the bread is baked in a unique oven or kiln composed of a sloping brick shelf covered with hot pebbles. It is worth mentioning that in recent years, urban bakers have started using oil as the primary source of fuel for baking Sangak bread.

The process of baking Sangak involves a minimum of two skilled people: the “khamirgir” (dough handler) and the “shater” (oven tender). The shater stands in front of the oven, smoothing the dough on a slightly convex wooden board called a “sarak,” which is attached to a very long wooden handle. Quickly, the shater inserts the sarak into the oven and drags the dough over the hot pebbles. After a few minutes, the shater or the baker, also known as “nunvaa” (fire handler), lifts the bread using a two-pronged skewer or fork. The complex process of Sangak bread baking involves skill, coordination, and a deep understanding of the traditional techniques passed down through generations.

Persian Flatbread

Persian Flatbread is a staple in Iranian cuisine, famous for its simplicity and versatility. This thin and unleavened bread is prepared from a basic mixture of finely milled flour, water, and sometimes yogurt or milk, which adds a touch of tenderness. The dough is rolled out and then cooked on a hot griddle or in a traditional Tanour. The result is a delicious, flexible flatbread that complements a variety of dishes. Whether enjoyed with stews, used as a wrap for kebabs, or enjoyed on its own, Persian Flatbread has a special place in Iranian meals and includes the culinary traditions passed down through generations.

Persian Bread Lavash

Lavash bread is a traditional Iranian flatbread made from flour, water, leavened dough, and salt, resulting in a very soft, smooth, and thin texture. Sesame seeds or poppy seeds are often sprinkled on top to enhance its flavor. Although lavash bread is prepared differently around the world, the original, traditional version has remained remarkably thin and soft.

Lavash quickly dries when exposed to airflow, giving it a distinctive quality.

Barbari Bread

Barbari bread is one of the most famous traditional Iranian breads, which is very popular because of its exceptional taste. It is a popular breakfast choice paired with cheese, walnuts, and tea, creating a delightful morning meal. Barbari bread, known for its delicious taste, is often among the healthier options in Iranian bread.

Typically made with refined flour, the surface is crunchy and flaky, while the interior has a soft, airy texture. Barbari bread, which is named after the “Barbar” community that settled in the south of Tehran during the Qajar era, has an oval shape with a thickness of 3 to 4 cm and a length of about 70 cm.

Each piece of Berber bread weighing approximately 900 grams is prepared from parts of the yeast dough. Despite its European appearance, Berber bread is baked similarly to Sangak, making it a desirable choice, especially when eaten for breakfast, often accompanied by cheese.

What Is Persian Bread Called?

Persian bread is usually known as “Nan” in Farsi, which is the term for bread in the Persian language. There are various types of Persian bread, each with its own unique characteristics and regional diversity. Some well-known varieties include Barbari, Sangak, Lavash, and Taftoon. These breads can be found in bakeries across Iran and have become an essential part of the Iranian culinary experience. The diverse range of Persian bread reflects the rich cultural and culinary heritage of the region.

How to Eat Persian Bread?

Eating Iranian bread is a pleasurable experience that involves a few simple yet enjoyable steps. The most common way is to tear off a piece of bread by hand into bite-sized portions. Iranians usually accompany their bread with different dishes and use it to cook stew, dip, or spread food. The soft and flexible texture of Persian bread makes it an ideal tool for wrapping around kebabs or other grilled meats, creating a delicious handmade dish.

In traditional Iranian cuisine, a cloth is often placed on the table, and pieces of bread are placed on it, which encourages a communal and shared meal. Bread is considered a versatile companion to almost any meal, enhancing its flavor and providing a satisfying element to a meal.

Persian Bread Oven

The traditional Persian bread oven, known as a “Tanour,” is an essential element in Iranian bakeries. This cylindrical-shaped oven is usually made of clay or brick, and its interior is lined with insulating materials like straw or mud. The unique feature of the Persian bread oven is its sloping, stone-covered shelf, which allows the baker to slide the prepared dough onto the hot stones for baking. This method gives a distinct flavor and texture to the bread. The oven is heated using various fuel sources, including wood and more recently, oil. The art of bread baking in the Persian tanour has been passed down through generations, and it remains a symbol of the rich culinary heritage in Iranian culture.

Persian Bread Recipes

Persian bread recipes showcase a rich combination of flavors and textures, reflecting the diverse culinary traditions of Iran. One popular recipe is the “Persian flatbread recipe,” known for its thin and versatile nature. To prepare this bread, a simple dough is made of finely milled flour and water, sometimes enriched with yogurt or milk for more softness.

The dough is then rolled out and cooked on a hot tray or in a traditional Tanour (oven). The result is a delicious, airy flatbread that pairs well with various dishes or can be enjoyed on its own. The Persian flatbread recipe not only highlights the simplicity of the ingredients but also celebrates the artistry involved in creating a staple that has been a part of Iranian meals for generations.

Persian Bread Calories

Persian bread, a dietary staple for Iranians, is not only cherished for its rich cultural significance but also for its nutritional value. The caloric content of Persian bread varies depending on the type and ingredients used. Generally, a standard serving of Persian bread contributes a moderate amount of calories to daily intake, making it a substantial source of energy.

Whether it is the hearty Barbari or the versatile Lavash, these bread varieties are not only delicious but also provide essential nutrients. Iranians often rely on bread as a significant part of their daily calorie intake, recognizing its importance in maintaining a balanced and nutritious diet.

Final Word

In conclusion, Persian bread has a special place in Iranian culture and tables and is not only a delicious accompaniment to meals but also a symbol of tradition and society. From the thin and versatile Lavash to the lovely Barbari, each type of bread has a unique role in Iranian cuisine.

Whether enjoyed at breakfast with cheese, at lunch with kebabs, or as an integral part of family gatherings, Persian bread is more than just a culinary delight – it is a daily ritual that brings people together. Persian bread, with its diverse flavors, textures, and nutrients, is an authentic example of the rich culinary heritage and the lasting importance it has in the hearts and homes of Iranians.

Are you planning to travel to Iran and looking for an Iran Travel Agency? Check out our Iran tours and Iran food tour.

Iran has a great and diverse field in cinema. In the whole process of filmmaking, it’s no wonder how much of a great impact directors have on the movie and its result. Since we already know how great directors are and how much effort and time they have to put into filmmaking, we decided to introduce the top Iranian movie directors of all time. These directors had a great impact on Iranian and national cinema, reflecting specific aspects of Iranian cinema in their movies. See the top 10 Iranian movies directed by some of these directors.

Narges Abyar

Narges Abyar is an accomplished filmmaker and author whose works encompass both writing and directing. She started her career as a writer, penning novels and screenplays before switching to directing. Abyar is known for her insightful exploration of Iranian society, most notably through the perspective of women and children. Her directorial debut, “Objects in Mirror Are Closer than They Appear,” drew attention for its intimate portrayal of family dynamics and the impact of war on individuals. Her movie “Track 143” further solidified her position in Iranian cinema. She continued her success with “Breath,” a coming-of-age story that touched on themes of childhood, friendship, and social expectations.

Today, Narges Abyar is one of the greatest Iranian movie directors! Her success is inspirational for all young Iranian girls who want to become successful directors.

Saeed Roustayi

Saeed Roustayi is a talented filmmaker known for his compelling storytelling and impactful movies. He began his career working in the Iranian movie industry, gradually making a mark with his unique directing style. “Life and a Day” movie was his key to becoming a famous Iranian director. His dedication to shedding light on pertinent social themes continued with “Law of Tehran,” a crime thriller highlighting the battle against drug trafficking in Iran.

Through his movies, Saeed Roustayi has carved a niche for himself in the world of cinema, earning admiration for his thought-provoking narratives and his skill in portraying the human experience amidst social challenges.

Watch our Top 10 Iranian Movie Directors of All Times YouTube Video!

Reza Mirkarimi

Mirkarimi gained recognition for his movie “The Child and the Soldier,” which tells the story of a friendship between a young boy and a soldier during the Iran-Iraq war. His subsequent works, such as “So Close, So Far” and “A Cube of Sugar,” continued to showcase his talent for capturing human emotions and social complexities. His achievements include numerous awards and prizes at international film festivals, solidifying his position as a prominent figure in Iranian cinema.

Kamal Tabrizi

Kamal Tabrizi, one of the top 10 Iranian movie directors, is a prolific Iranian filmmaker. His career spans numerous successful movies, each showcasing his unique storytelling style and comedic prowess. Tabrizi’s movies are often celebrated for their humor and social commentary, offering a lighthearted yet thought-provoking look at Iranian society. Movies like “The Lizard” and “Leily Is with Me” established him as a master of satire, using humor to address social issues and norms. Tabrizi’s movies not only entertain but also provide a window into Iranian culture, resonating with audiences worldwide.

Masoud Kimiai

Masoud Kimiai was born in Tehran, Iran, on December 26, 1941. Kimiai’s career kicked off as an assistant director, and he soon transitioned to directing his own movies. Masoud Kimiai’s filmmaking journey began in the 1960s, contributing to the Iranian New Wave movement with movies that delved into the complexities of human nature and societal dilemmas. Movies like “The Deer” and “Qeysar” captured the attention of audiences with their raw portrayal of moral conflicts, justice, and everyday life struggles.

Dariush Mehrjui

Dariush Mehrjui is a revered figure in Iranian cinema, renowned for his significant contributions as a filmmaker, director, and screenwriter. Born in Tehran in 1939, Mehrjui began his cinematic journey in the 1960s and quickly became a leading force in the Iranian New Wave movement.

The Cow is a 1969 Iranian movie directed by Dariush Mehrjui, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi based on his novel. “The Cow” gained international recognition and marked a departure from traditional Iranian cinema, exploring new narratives and techniques.

Mehrjui’s commitment to addressing complex themes and social issues continued in subsequent movies such as “The Cycle” and “The Pear Tree,” displaying his ability to blend artistic expression with thought-provoking storytelling.

Unfortunately, Dariush Mehrjooi and his wife experienced a tragic death and were murdered in October 2023. This heartbreaking incident left Iranian cinema in mourning forever.

Ali Hatami

Hatami’s directorial career took off with movies like “Haji Washington” and “Mother” in the 1970s, highlighting his ability to portray the complexities of Iranian society. Among his notable achievements is the iconic movie “Hezar Dastan,” a timeless tale that captivated audiences with its rich storytelling and beautiful cinematography. Hatami’s dedication to preserving Iranian culture and heritage through his movies earned him widespread recognition and admiration. Apart from directing, Hatami also contributed significantly as an actor and screenwriter, leaving a lasting impact on Iranian cinema. In addition, His daughter Leila Hatami is one of the Iranian iconic actresses of all time.

Majid Majidi

Majid Majidi, one of the top Iranian movie directors, was born on April 17, 1959, in Tehran. He began his filmmaking journey with a passion for portraying the human experience with depth and empathy.

His early works, including “Children of Heaven” and “The Color of Paradise,” changed Iranian cinema forever. Majidi’s movies often explore themes of innocence, resilience, and the human spirit, transcending cultural boundaries to touch the hearts of audiences worldwide.

Beyond his directorial achievements, Majidi’s impact extends to encouraging young talents and advocating for socially relevant storytelling. His cinematic legacy remains a beacon in the world of cinema, inspiring audiences and filmmakers alike with his artistry and his ability to capture the essence of humanity through his movies.

Asghar Farhadi

Asghar Farhadi, born in 1972 in Iran, is a renowned filmmaker celebrated for his powerful storytelling and insightful exploration of human relationships.

Farhadi gained international recognition with his movie “A Separation” in 2011, winning an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Following the success of “Separation,” Farhadi continued to captivate audiences with movies like “The Salesman” and “About Elly,” further solidifying his reputation as a master storyteller. His work consistently earns critical acclaim, earning numerous awards at prestigious Film Festivals Worldwide.

Farhadi’s ability to explore universal themes through culturally specific contexts resonates deeply with audiences globally, securing his place as one of the most influential filmmakers of our time.

Abbas Kiarostami

Among Iranian directors, Abbas Kiarostami has made some of the most outstanding movies that have been shown all over the world. Kiarostami’s cinematic journey began in the 1970s, and he quickly gained recognition with movies like “Where Is the Friend’s Home?” and “Close-Up.”

His movies often blurred the line between reality and fiction, exploring profound philosophical themes through simple yet deeply meaningful narratives.

Renowned for his minimalist approach and breathtaking cinematography, Kiarostami’s works, such as the Koker Trilogy (“Where Is the Friend’s Home?”, “And Life Goes On,” and “Through the Olive Trees”), mesmerized audiences with their introspective storytelling and sharp observations about life.

His impact on global cinema earned him numerous awards, including the prestigious Palme d’Or at the Cannes Film Festival for “Taste of Cherry.” Kiarostami’s commitment to pushing the boundaries of cinematic artistry and his ability to capture the human experience through a lens of poetic realism continue to inspire filmmakers and audiences around the world. While he passed away in 2016, his legacy remains a guiding light in the world of cinema, reminding us of the power of storytelling and the beauty of simplicity in filmmaking.

Last Words

Iran has many talented directors and actors, each of whom tries their hardest to reach the highest spot of their career and make their people proud. These were the top 10 Iranian movie directors. We should learn more about the fascinating directors who make incredible movies through so much hardship and effort. These top Iranian directors changed the world of Iran cinema and built up a whole new path for the next ones.

Are you planning to travel to Iran and looking for an Iran travel agency? Check out our Iran tours and feel free to contact us.

Maybe you will find interesting cinemas in Iran. Take a look at the top 10 movies about Iran as well.

Due to the fact that music has always had a profound effect on the human spirit, it has had a special place in different societies. While every form of art influences human thoughts and emotions in its own way, music deserves the highest rank among the seven arts because of its immediate and profound impact. Throughout history, great composers, inspired by the melodies found in nature, have managed to create songs that have not been forgotten for centuries and continue influencing listeners. In addition to being influential, music is powerful enough to convey meaning to the extent that governments and the elderly, in various historical periods, have made attempts to silence it but have never succeeded. In this article, we are going to get to know the basics of Iran folk music and examine the most popular Iranian folk music instruments.

What Is Traditional Iranian Music Called?

Persian traditional music is usually referred to as “Iranian music” or “Iranian classical music.” This musical tradition, which has its roots in ancient Iranian civilization, includes a rich tapestry of melodies, rhythms, and poetic poems. It is characterized by the use of modal scales known as “Dastgah” and “Maqam,” which contribute to its distinctive tonality. The genre has evolved over the centuries, drawing inspiration from various historical influences and neighboring cultures. Iranian music acts as a cultural treasure that reflects the deep heritage and artistic expression of the Iranian people.

The Most Popular and Famous Traditional Iranian Instruments

Iran has so many famous and popular traditional instruments. Here we introduce you to the top 10 popular instruments of Iran.

1. Tar

The Tar is among the most renowned plucked string instruments in Iran, played with a plectrum. Besides being popular in Iran, the Tar is utilized in other Middle Eastern regions such as Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, and various areas near the Caucasus for performing traditional music. In the past, the Iranian Tar had five strings, and Gholamhossein Darvish or Darvish Khan added a sixth string, which is still in use today.

2. Setar

Setar is one of the traditional Iranian plucked string instruments that belong to the Tanbur family. Played with the index finger of the right hand, it has four strings. In the past, it had three strings, and the addition of the fourth string transformed it into the Setar we know today.

Known for its intimate sound, the Setar spans approximately three octaves in tonal range.

3. Dotar

Another beloved Iranian instrument is the Dotar, bearing striking similarities to the Setar. With a history dating back thousands of years, the Dotar is crafted with various patterns in different regions. It finds more popularity in places like Khorasan, Mazandaran, and Nishapur.

4. Tanbur

Tanbur, which is considered one of the oldest traditional instruments in Iran, has a significant place in mystical and classical music. The Tanbur has three strings and is played without the need for an artificial plectrum, using four fingers of the right hand with techniques like right, left, and shur strokes.

5. Oud

The Oud, or Barbat, is an Iranian and Middle Eastern plucked string instrument widely popular in North African and Arab countries. With a history spanning thousands of years, the Oud is played with a plastic plectrum and comes in various models chosen based on the musician’s taste and style.

6. Kamancheh

The Kamancheh is one of the most famous Iranian instruments, played with a bow, similar to a violin. It has a rich history and is commonly used in various Iranian musical regions. The larger version, known as Qichak-e Bam, even employs a violin bow.

7. Santur

The Santur is a widely used instrument in Iranian music. This hammered dulcimer has a trapezoidal shape and numerous strings, played with two wooden mallets.

The most common type, known as the 9/72 Santur, has 72 strings divided into four groups of four, helping to its distinctive sound.

8. Ney

The Ney, or Nay, is a seven-holed flute and one of Iran’s wind instruments. Categorized as a non-lipped flute, it does not require a reed. Ney players use various types of Ney with their preferred reeds in ensemble and solo performances.

9. Tonbak

The Tonbak is an Iranian goblet-shaped drum and is considered one of the main percussion instruments in traditional Iranian music. It plays a crucial role in accompanying other instruments and solo performances.

10. Daf

The Daf is a frame drum and one of the rhythmic cornerstones in Iranian music. With a wooden frame and skin, it is played with hands and fingers. The Daf is often used in Sufi music and traditional ensembles.

Various Performance Forms of Iranian Music

One of the wonders of Iranian music lies in its incredible diversity of performance styles, varying across regions and occasions. Musical expressions in different areas and traditional settings have always taken on distinct forms, each tailored to the specific context or type of event. For example, in the southern regions of Iran, a ceremony called “Zaar” is held, where music becomes an inseparable and irreplaceable element.

During Zaar ceremonies, a group of musicians guides an individual, often referred to as “Mama Zaar” or “Baba Zaar,” with utmost respect. As the musicians perform, the audience engages rhythmically, expressing their support through hand claps or body movements. According to the beliefs of the region, this participation is a form of assistance in the healing process for the individual for whom the Zaar ceremony is organized.

Similarly, in many northern and northwestern areas of the country, traditional music plays an important role in the joyous celebrations of the local people. The tunes and melodies of traditional music enhance the festive atmosphere, adding a colorful dimension to the cultural richness of these regions. This dynamic variation in musical expressions across Iran reflects the profound connection between music and local traditions.

The Most Famous Music of the Regions of Iran

Iran, as a vast country in the Middle East, has many famous regional music. Here is a brief description of each regional music of Iran:

Baluchi Music

Baluchi music, originating from the Balochistan region, features unique melodies and rhythms. It reflects the cultural richness of the Baloch people and often expresses themes of love, migration, and daily life.

Azerbaijani Turkish Music

Azerbaijani Turkish music, which is popular in the Azerbaijan region, is characterized by lively rhythms and vibrant melodies. It has a distinct identity within the broader context of Iranian music, influenced by the rich cultural tapestry of the region.

Bakhtiari Music

Bakhtiari music, which originates from the Bakhtiari region, is the embodiment of the tradition and heritage of the Bakhtiari people. The music is deeply rooted in the nomadic lifestyle, featuring both instrumental and vocal expressions.

Southern Iranian Music

Southern Iranian music, influenced by the Persian Gulf and its coastal communities, is characterized by rhythmic beats and lively tunes. It often incorporates traditional instruments such as the Oud and reflects the vibrant culture of the southern regions.

Gilaki Music

Gilaki music hails from the Gilan region and showcases the unique musical traditions of the Gilaki people. With its distinct melodies and poetic lyrics, Gilaki music is an essential part of the cultural identity of the region.

Khorasani Music

Khorasani music, originating from the Khorasan region, has a diverse range of melodies. It reflects the history and cultural diversity of the area, often featuring traditional instruments like the Dotar and Ney.

Qazvini Music

Qazvini music represents the musical heritage of the Qazvin region. Known for its melodic intricacies, Qazvini music often incorporates local instruments and reflects the historical influences on the area.

Kurdish Music

Kurdish music is deeply rooted in the Kurdish cultural identity, featuring a range of emotions and themes. The music often tells stories of struggle, love, and the Kurdish way of life, with traditional instruments such as the Tanbur and Kamancheh.

Mazandarani Music

Originating from the Mazandaran region, Mazandarani music is characterized by lively and joyful melodies. It often features traditional instruments such as the Daf and Kamancheh, reflecting the spirited nature of the Mazandarani people.

Lorestan Music

Loristan music reflects the cultural heritage of the Lur people, with distinctive melodies and rhythms. Often performed during celebrations and gatherings, Lorestan music adds a unique flavor to the musical landscape of Iran.

Namdari Music

Namdari music, prevalent in coastal regions such as Bandar Abbas, reflects the lifestyle of the Persian Gulf communities. With its unique rhythms and instruments, Namdari music adds a distinct maritime flavor to Iranian music.

Hamadani Music

Hailing from the Hamadan region, Hamadani music features traditional instruments and melodies that showcase the cultural heritage of the area. It adds a unique musical voice to the diverse tapestry of Iranian music.

Dezful Music

Dezful music, rooted in the city of Dezful, reflects the cultural traditions of the region. Often incorporating local instruments, Dezful music contributes to the vibrant musical mosaic of Iran.

The Most Famous Musicians of Ancient Iran

In ancient Iran, several famous musicians left a lasting impact on the country’s musical landscape. One such prominent figure is Barbod, a prized musician during the Sassanian Empire (224–651 AD). Barbod was not only a skilled instrument player but also a prominent music theorist. His contributions to the development of musical notation and the creation of various musical instruments earned him a prominent place in Iranian music history.

Another famous figure of ancient Iran is Nakisa, a legendary musician believed to have lived during the Achaemenid Empire (550-330 BC). Nakisa was not only a skilled harpist but also a revered vocalist. Her musical talents are said to have won the hearts of kings and contributed to her reputation as one of the most influential musicians of his time. These ancient musicians, such as Barbod and Nakisa, laid the groundwork for rich musical traditions that have continued to flourish throughout Iranian history.

Listen to some of the Iranian folk music on our YouTube channel!

Another respected musician of ancient Iran is Farabi, who is also known as Al-Farabi in the Islamic world. Farabi, who lived during the Golden Age of Islam (872-950 AD), was a multi-talented individual who contributed significantly to various fields, including philosophy, music theory, and science. His work in music theory, especially “Kitab al-Musiqi al-Kabir” (The Great Book of Music), became a cornerstone of understanding the principles of music.

Iranian Folk Music Songs List

Iranian folk music has a diverse array of songs, each carrying its own unique charm and cultural significance. While there are countless Iranian folk music songs, here is a list of some famous Persian folk songs:

1. “Morgh-e Sahar” (The Morning Bird): A classic Persian folk song expressing themes of love and passion, often performed by various artists.
2. Bālūchī Folk Song: The Balochi people, with their distinct cultural heritage, contribute to Iranian folk music with unique songs that capture the spirit of the Balochistan region.
3. “Ey Iran” (Oh Iran): An iconic patriotic folk song that celebrates the beauty and history of Iran, often considered an unofficial national anthem.
4. “Hamdel” (Companion): A traditional folk song expressing the theme of companionship and camaraderie, often performed with heartfelt emotion.
5. “Chaharmezrab”: A lively instrumental piece commonly played on traditional Iranian string instruments, showcasing the country’s musical prowess.
6. “Jodai” (Farewell): A poignant folk song expressing themes of farewell and departure, showing the bittersweet essence of parting.
7. “Dastgah-e Shur”: A traditional musical composition in the Shur mode, showcasing the intricate melodic structures and improvisational elements of Iranian folk music.
8. “Mastom, Mastom” (I Am Drunk, I Am Drunk): A spirited folk song often performed during celebrations and festive occasions, celebrating the joy of life.
9. “Gol-e Sangam” (My Stone Flower): A love ballad with poetic lyrics comparing the beloved to a precious stone flower.
10. “Zarbi-e Bandari”: A rhythmic and lively folk song from the southern coastal regions of Iran, accompanied by traditional Bandari dance movements.

Final Word

In the end, Persian folk music is a testimony of Iran’s rich cultural heritage, whose roots are deep in history. From the soulful melodies of ancient musicians such as Barbod and Nakisa to the scientific contributions of Farabi in the Golden Age of Islam, the tapestry of Iranian music has flourished. The diverse array of traditional instruments, countless regional performance forms, and outstanding musicians from ancient times have collectively formed a musical tradition that is both living and enduring.

Today, Iranian folk music continues to fascinate the audience with its deep melodies that show the cultural diversity and historical depth of this ancient land. Not only as an art form but also as a living expression of Iran’s rich heritage, it connects generations and preserves the unique musical heritage of this outstanding country.

Are you planning to travel to Iran and looking for an Iran travel agency? Check out our Iran tours. Find out where to hear traditional Iranian music.

The Anahita Temple is one of the amazing sites in Kangavar, which is known as the second stone monument of Iran after Persepolis. Its historical importance is in the three periods of the Achaemenids, Arsacids, and Sassanians. While some believe the temple was built to worship the goddess of water, others consider it a half-completed palace attributed to Khosrow Parviz. This outstanding building was registered as one of the first national treasures of Iran in 1931.

Today, we start a journey to discover the mysterious Anahita Temple and explore its history and architecture. Although much of its structure has faded, this temple holds many stories and secrets within its walls. Join us as we delve into the mysterious depths of ancient Iranian history and find out more about the magnificent Anahita Temple in Kangavar.

Anahita Temple Kangavar History

The history of Anahita Temple, which is dedicated to the worship and respect of the goddess of water in ancient Iran, goes back to the era before the common era, which is recorded in historical documents. The initial construction of this temple was done during the Achaemenid period, and its construction continued in the following periods and ended in the Sasanian period. After the rise of Islam in Iran, significant changes were made to the structure, such that the northwest side was changed to accommodate Imamzadeh Ibrahim, the mosque, and the bazaar.

Considering the passage of several centuries since the construction of the temple, along with natural disasters and accidental or intentional human interventions, it is challenging to determine the exact date of construction, architectural use, and spatial characteristics. However, some researchers, relying on the writings of Iranian and Arab historians from the third century Hijri onwards, consider this building to be the unfinished palace of Khosrow Parviz. Others attribute its construction to the late 3rd or early 2nd century BC, while others date it to the 1st century BC.

Anahita Temple of Mystery

There are many stories and traditions about the Anahita temple treasure. Undoubtedly, such a valuable work contains historical treasures of different periods. However, the mystery of Anahita Temple lies in its historical significance:

1. The northern facade of the temple remains unexplored. Perhaps due to its subsidiary role, this side lacks any columns and features distinct architecture from the other sides.
2. In the eastern facade of the temple, during archaeological excavations in the 1940s, a barrel-shaped coffin and a rock-cut burial site from the Parthian era were discovered.
3. The famous French archaeologist Girshman compares the temple to the Khurha and Laodicea temples in Nahavand, attributing its construction to around 200 BCE.
4. Artifacts from all historical periods after the Parthians, including Sassanid, Seljuk, and Safavid, have been found in the temple.
5. Hertzfeld, an archaeologist of the Pahlavi era in Iran, considers the Anahita Temple in Kangavar to be one of the largest ancient temples in the world.

Anahita Fire Temple Architecture

Anahita Temple, located on a rocky platform, is 220 meters long and 210 meters wide, surrounded by a massive wall more than 5 meters thick. The entrance of the structure has two-way stairs on the south side and one-way stairs on the north side, which completes the temple building.

Stone channels intricately direct the river water to the magnificent central pool of Anahita Temple. The engineering marvel of water division and flow in the temple in ancient times was aimed at presenting this sacred element in the most beautiful form.

On the four sides of the temple, there are channels with running water that direct the water back and forth towards the center of the temple. On both sides of the top of the Anahita temple, four cow heads are placed facing each other, which creates a reflection of their heads on the water during the water collection ceremony of the temple. At the center of the temple, a space collects the water from these channels in a small tank measuring approximately 10 x 10 meters and 20 cm deep. The Anahita Temple in Kangavar is the most renowned temple dedicated to Anahita in Iran.

Anahita, Goddess of Water

Anahita is not merely the name of a goddess in ancient Iran; it is a symbol of a cultural era characterized by the worship and respect for water. Water had a special place in Mithraic rites, where it symbolized Anahita. As the divine guardian of water, Anahita is portrayed as the embodiment of purity, overseeing rain and springs.

Some consider Anahita to be the most beloved deity among the Aryans. As the goddess of love and friendship, she is also a symbol of fertility and childbirth. Anahita’s presence becomes clearly evident from the Achaemenid era, and historical artifacts, such as the Kangavar Temple, continue to reflect the importance of the water goddess for the Iranians through the Sassanian period.

Anahita’s name has always stood alongside Ahura Mazda, enduring in the inscriptions of the Taq-e Bostan in Kermanshah. From the Achaemenid era to the Sassanian period, Anahita remains an integral part of Iranian culture, showing the significance of water worship and the enduring values associated with this revered goddess.

Anahita Temple Usage

According to existing writings and discoveries made on the Anahita Temple, it is said to have served as a fire temple for the reverence and worship of the water goddess. However, after the advent of Islam in Iran, the temple underwent changes, leading to numerous speculations and hypotheses regarding its usage. The transformations that occurred in the Islamic period have created many ambiguities and guesses about the main purpose and function of this temple.

Discovered Objects

One of the most important discoveries of the temple includes coffins and their contents, which were obtained from Parthian tombs. Among the items obtained from these graves are daggers, bronze vessels, bracelets, earrings with winged motifs, clay vessels, etc. Some of these works were previously exhibited in the Kangavar City Museum, and unfortunately, some others were victims of theft from this museum.

Other historical objects found in Anahita Temple include coins and ceramics from the Islamic era and the rule of the Islamic caliphs. Among the various glazed ceramics of the Seljuk period, carved and engraved ceramics from the Seljuk and green and yellow colored ceramics known as Nishapur pottery (from the beginning of the 5th century Hijri to the beginning of the Islamic period) are noteworthy.

Time to Visit Anahita Kangavar Temple

The best time to visit the Anahita Kangavar Temple is during the spring and autumn seasons. Anahita Temple is open to the public all year round except for important religious occasions. The visiting hours for the Anahita Temple are from 8 am to 7 pm. This allows ample time for visitors to explore and appreciate the historical and architectural wonders of the temple during daylight hours.

Anahita Temple Location

The Anahita Temple is located in the city of Kangavar, on Enghelab Boulevard and Shahid Street, in the Kermanshah Province. To visit this temple, you have to travel to the Kermanshah Province, with Kangavar situated 94 kilometers away from the city of Kermanshah. The temple is located in Kangavar, along the Hamedan-Kermanshah road, and reaching it requires heading towards the center of Kangavar and Shahid Street (Location on map)

Final Word

In short, Anahita Temple in Kangavar is a special place in ancient Iran where the people honored the water goddess Anahita. This temple has a fascinating history and unique features that make it an attractive destination. You can visit it in spring or autumn; it’s open for exploration all year round. Anahita Temple gives us a glimpse of the ancient traditions of Iran and the importance given to water worship, so don’t miss the opportunity to visit it.

Are you planning to travel to Iran and looking for an Iran travel agency? Check out our Iran tours. Find more interesting Things to Do in Kermanshah.

Rayen Canyon, Shahdad Desert, and Lut Desert are among the area’s natural beauties. The kind hospitality of the people of Kerman is among its most alluring features. The people here are renowned for their generosity and friendliness, and they take great delight in introducing guests to their customs and culture. This article will teach about the Ganjali Khan Complex, a beautiful location that highlights Kerman’s rich cultural heritage.

Ganjali Khan Complex Iran

A notable historical building that exemplifies the architectural beauty of the Safavid era is the Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman, Iran. Constructed in the 17th century by the formidable Ganjali Khan, the complex consists of multiple buildings with immense cultural and historical importance. The central square is a bustling hub encircled by arcades, stores, and cafes.

With its elaborate tile work and domed ceilings, the Ganjali Khan Bathhouse provides an insight into traditional bathing customs. The complex’s mosque has a serene courtyard and exquisite architectural embellishments.

The caravanserai, which once housed travelers as rest stops, is now known for its exquisite courtyards and archways. The bazaar is a bustling tangle of stores selling regional goods and traditional handicrafts. A fascinating site where guests can discover the architectural magnificence and fully engage with the lively local culture, the Ganjali Khan Complex is a monument to Kerman’s rich past.

Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman

Conveniently situated in Kerman, Iran’s city center, the Ganjali Khan Complex is adjacent to several lodging options and dining establishments. Several adjacent hotels are available to visitors visiting the complex, each with a different price range and style. Popular choices in the area are the Pars Hotel, Akhavan Hotel, and Akhavan Hotel Traditional Residence.

In terms of dining, the neighborhood is home to a large number of cafés and restaurants that provide a wide variety of Iranian and international cuisine. Among the well-known eateries in the area are the Kerman Ganjali Khan Restaurant, Shater Abbas Restaurant, and Kerman Traditional Restaurant.

When looking for lodging or a place to eat, the Ganjali Khan Complex’s central location makes it easy to go to hotels and eateries, making it a convenient and pleasurable experience for guests.

GanjaliKhan Mosque

Built during the Safavid era, the Ganjali Khan Mosque is a majestic place of worship situated within the Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman, Iran. Its courtyard’s rich plants create a calming atmosphere, and the entry portal features exquisite calligraphy and tile work. The prayer hall’s interior is decorated with ornate plasterwork, exquisite arches, and a gorgeously crafted mihrab.

The mosque is a historical and cultural gem that exemplifies Kerman’s magnificent architecture. When combined with other buildings like the bazaar, caravanserai, and Ganjali Khan Bathhouse, it provides guests with a thorough understanding of the city’s rich history. With its spiritual and cultural significance, the Ganjali Khan Mosque is a noteworthy location for anybody interested in Islamic art and architecture.

Ganjali Khan Complex History

The history of the Ganjali Khan Complex dates back to the 17th century. Renowned governor Ganjali Khan ordered it built, and it functioned as a hub for public meetings, trade, and government. The complex’s prominence and profitability were facilitated by its advantageous location along the Silk Road. It is made up of several interconnected buildings, such as the Ganjali Khan Bathhouse, mosque, caravanserai, and bazaar, all of which are designed with magnificent architectural skills.

The complex underwent repair work overtime to maintain its architectural integrity. It was designated as a national historic site in 1972. The Ganjali Khan Complex is a living reminder of Kerman’s rich past and stunning architectural design. It draws tourists from all over the world who come to appreciate the legacy of the Safavid era and Ganjali Khan, as well as to learn about its cultural value.

Ganjali Khan Complex Architecture

The Ganjali Khan Complex in Kerman, with its architecture, is a prime example of Safavid creative excellence. The complex combines Islamic and Persian architectural forms, showcasing exquisite calligraphy, delicate plasterwork, and intricate tilework. The intricate tile mosaic and decorations on the mosque’s entrance gateway make it stand out.

The Ganjali Khan Bathhouse has ornate tiles, arched ceilings, and domed chambers. The elaborate stone sculptures and opulent arches of the caravanserai are striking. The complex’s architectural features facilitate movement and create a lively atmosphere by skillfully fusing usefulness and aesthetics.

The architectural design of the Ganjali Khan Complex is evidence of the vision and proficiency of Safavid artisans and architects. Its beauty and historical significance fascinate visitors, making it a compelling example of Persian-Islamic architecture.

Ganjali Khan Complex Facts

The Ganjali Khan Complex is a masterpiece of Safavid-era architecture, known for its intricate tile work, delicate plasterwork, and beautiful calligraphy.

The facility had several uses. In addition to being a place of worship, it also had a caravanserai, a mint, a bazaar, and a hammam.

Within the compound is the Ganjali Khan Bathhouse, which is still in use and gives guests the chance to partake in a customary Iranian bathing procedure.

During the Safavid era, the complex was constructed by Ganjali Khan, a prominent administrator of the area, and it had a major impact on trade, social life, and governance.

The complex has a modern water supply system that includes subterranean tubes called qanats, which serve as a dependable water source for the baths and other buildings.

In addition to being a historical location, the Ganjali Khan Complex is a thriving cultural center that regularly hosts performances, exhibitions, and other events honoring the artistic and cultural legacy of the area.

The complex is a component of Kerman’s historic city fabric, which is recognized for its cultural and historical significance by being listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List.

Ganjali Khan Complex Address

Kerman, Iran, is the location of the Ganjali Khan Complex. The complex is located precisely at Ganjali Khan Square in Kerman. There are multiple ways for you to go to the Ganjali Khan Complex. If you are traveling from a different nation or city, you can fly into Kerman’s Shahid Bahonar Airport and then take a cab or make private transportation arrangements to the complex.

You can drive to Ganjali Khan Square in the city center if you have access to a car. You can locate a bus that travels to the complex using Kerman’s local transport system. In addition, ride-hailing services and taxis are offered. The Ganjali Khan Complex entrance fee is also very economical (location on map)

Final Words

The intriguing Ganjali Khan Complex highlights both the rich Iranian culture and the city of Kerman. One of the most exquisite examples of Persian Islamic architecture is the complex. Kerman is a city with a diverse range of attractions, including serene gardens, natural wonders, historical marvels, and a rich cultural legacy. Whether you are taking in its stunning scenery, discovering its historic ruins, or just soaking up the friendliness of its people, Kerman is bound to have an enduring effect on your heart.

Are you planning to travel to Iran & look for an Iran travel agency? Check out our Iran tours. Here’s a free Kerman Virtual Tour for you!